The Dolphin in the Mirror Read online

]

  NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), [>]–[>]

  National Aquarium (Baltimore), [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  National Center For Zoological Research (France), [>]

  National Geographic, [>], [>]

  National Institutes of Health, [>]

  National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)

  agent "Dave" (in rescue of Humphrey), [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  rescue of dolphins (Mara and her mother) by, [>]–[>]

  role of, in rescue of Humphrey, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), [>], [>]

  National Press Club (Washington, D.C.), [>], [>]

  NATO sonar systems conference, [>]

  Nature, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]

  nature's psychologists, [>], [>]

  Naval Postgraduate School (Monterey, California), [>], [>]

  Nerja caves (Spain), [>]

  neurons, [>]

  newborn dolphins, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]

  New York Academy of Sciences, [>], [>]

  New York Aquarium (Brooklyn), [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  New York Times, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  New York University, [>]

  New Zealand, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Niki (bottlenose dolphin), [>], [>]

  Nommo (dolphinlike beings from Sirius), [>]

  Norman (dolphin), [>], [>]

  Norris, Kenneth, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Norway, [>], [>]

  O'Barry, Ric, [>]

  oceanarium (in Humewood, South Africa), [>]

  Oceanarium (in Port Elizabeth, South Africa), [>]–[>]

  Oceanic Preservation Society, [>] (n)

  Ocean Project Website, [>]

  Odysseus (in Homer's The Odyssey), [>]

  oikomi, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Oliver, Bernard, [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Olson, Steve, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  On the Intelligence of Animals (Plutarch), [>] (n)

  operant training techniques, [>]

  Operation Humphrey headquarters, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Opo (dolphin), [>]

  Opononi (in New Zealand), [>], [>]

  Oppian (Greek poet), [>], [>], [>]

  orangutans, [>], [>]

  orcas, [>]

  Order of the Dolphin, [>]

  Orson (Newfoundland dog), [>]

  Osborn Laboratories of Marine Sciences (at New York Aquarium), [>]

  Pack, Adam, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Pan (bottlenose dolphin), [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  birth of, and intelligence of dolphins, [>]

  bubble ring play, [>]

  examples of deception from, [>]–[>]

  keyboard research and, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]

  on listening to vocalizations of, [>]

  mirror self-recognition and, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  naming of, [>]

  sexual behavior of, [>], [>]–[>]

  sold to aquarium in Florida, [>]

  swimming with, [>]

  Patterson, Penny, [>]

  Paul (baboon), [>]–[>]

  Payne, Roger, [>]

  Pepperberg, Irene, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  perception, [>]–[>]

  Peter (dolphin), [>]–[>]

  Petricig, Rick, [>]

  petting pools, [>]–[>]

  Phoenix (dolphin), [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  playback experiments, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Pliny the Elder, [>], [>], [>]

  Plotnik, Joshua, [>]

  Plutarch (Greek moralist), [>], [>]

  PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences), [>]–[>], [>]

  Poseidon (Greek god), [>], [>]

  poster sessions, [>]–[>]

  Povinelli, Danny, [>], [>]

  preference testing/free choice experiment, [>]–[>]

  pregnant dolphins, [>]–[>]. See also newborn dolphins

  Premack, David, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Prescott, John, [>]

  Presley (male bottlenose dolphin), [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  primacy effect, [>]

  Prince, The (Machiavelli), [>]

  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. See PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)

  production vs. mimicry, [>]–[>], [>]

  Project CIRCE (Cetacean Intelligence Research and Communication Experiment), [>]

  Project Janus, [>]

  Pryor, Karen, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Psihoyos, Louie, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Question of Animal Awareness, The (Griffin), [>], [>]

  radio tags, [>]–[>], [>]

  Rastovich, Dave "Rasta," [>]

  recency effect, [>]

  Rendell, Luke, [>]

  reproductive success, [>]–[>]

  "Reprogramming of the Sonic Output of the Dolphin: Sonic Burst Count Matching," [>]

  Rice, Charles, [>]

  Richards, Andrew, [>]–[>]

  Ridgway, Sam, [>], [>]

  Rio Vista, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  rocks, river, [>]–[>]

  Rogers, Ginger, [>]

  Romanes, Georges, [>]

  Rome, [>], [>], [>]

  Rose, Naomi, [>]

  Rumbaugh, Duane, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Rumbaugh, Sue Savage, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Sacramento River, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Sagan, Carl, [>], [>]

  Salazar, Tony, [>]

  San Francisco Bay, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  San Francisco State University, [>], [>]–[>]

  Santa Cruz Island, [>]

  Sarah (chimpanzee), [>], [>]

  Sato, Tetsu, [>]

  Saturday Night Live (TV show), [>]

  Sausman, Karen, [>]

  Savage, Sue. See Rumbaugh, Sue Savage

  Schooner (dolphin), [>], [>]

  Science, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Scientific American, [>], [>]

  scientific whaling, [>]

  seal bombs, [>]

  Sea Life Park Hawaii, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  seals, [>], [>]

  sea otters, [>]

  Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) project, [>]–[>], [>]

  seaweed game, [>]

  SeaWorld (Orlando), [>]–[>]

  segmentation, [>]

  self-awareness, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]. See also mirror self-recognition (MSR)

  self-directed behavior, in mirror self-recognition, [>]

  sexual behavior, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Shakespeare, William, [>]

  Shark Bay (Australia), [>]–[>]

  Shiloh (dolphin), [>]–[>]

  Shrewsbury River (New Jersey), [>]

  side-scan sonar, [>]–[>]

  Silverman, Bruce, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Simo (dolphin), [>]

  Sirius (the Dog Star), [>]

  Sky Snake (husband of Hutash), [>]

  sleeping, [>]

  Smolker, Rachel, [>]–[>]

  Snowden, Charles, [>]

  social cognition, [>], [>], [>]

  social competition thesis, [>]

  "Social Function of Intellect, The" (Humphrey, N.), [>], [>] (n)

  social intelligence, [>], [>], [>]

  social learning, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Society for Marine Mammalogy (SMM) conference, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Solomon Islands, [>]

  Solomon's ring, [>]–[>]

  sonar systems, of dolphins. See echolocation (biosonar system)

  sonograms, [>], [>]

  souls, [>]–[>]

  Sounds and the Ultra-Sounds of the Bottle-Nose Dolphin (record), [>]

  South Africa, [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  South Caribbean Ocean Regatta, [>]

  So
uth Carolina, [>]

  Spain, [>]

  speciesism, [>]

  Spielberg, Steven, [>]

  Spock (dolphin), [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  sponging, [>]–[>]

  Spray (bottlenose dolphin). See Circe (bottlenose dolphin at Marine World Africa U.S.A.)

  Stanford Research Institute, [>]

  Stanford Research International (SRI), [>]

  Stewart, Jon, [>]

  Stock, Peter, [>]–[>]

  Stone, Willy, [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Stormy (dolphin), [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  strand feeding, [>]–[>]

  St. Thomas (Virgin Islands), [>]

  Sundance Film Festival, [>]

  Suwa (bottlenose dolphin), [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Tab (male dolphin), [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Taiji Municipal Council, [>]

  Tarter, Jill, [>], [>]

  Temple University, [>], [>]

  Terrace, Herbert, [>]

  Terry (bottlenose dolphin), [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  keyboard research and, [>], [>]–[>]

  on listening to vocalizations of, [>]

  pregnancy/newborn of, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Thaves, Bob, [>]

  theory of mind, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Thomas Aquinas, Saint, [>]–[>]

  Thorpe, Mark, [>]

  time-outs, [>]–[>], [>]

  Tinkerbell (female dolphin), [>]–[>]

  Tokyo Film Festival, [>]

  To Touch a Wild Dolphin (Smolker), [>]

  touch, [>]

  training techniques, [>], [>]

  Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, [>]

  Tulane University, [>]

  Twelfth Night (Shakespeare), [>]

  University of California, Santa Cruz, [>]

  University of Hawaii, [>], [>], [>]

  University of Louisiana, [>]

  University of Massachusetts, [>]

  University of Pennsylvania, [>], [>]

  University of Rhode Island, [>]

  University of St. Andrews (Scotland), [>], [>]

  University of Wisconsin, [>]

  U.S. Coast Guards, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), [>], [>]

  U.S. Navy, [>], [>]

  Vail, Courtney, [>]

  Vance, Erik, [>], [>], [>]

  Venezuela, [>]

  videotaping, [>]

  Vietnam War riverboats, [>], [>]

  Virgin Islands, [>]

  vision, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  visual discrimination between white symbols experiement, [>]–[>]

  Von Economo neurons (VENs), [>]–[>]

  Von Osten, Wilhelm, [>]

  Waldo (water buffalo), [>]–[>]

  Wanungamulangwa people (of Australia), [>], [>]

  Washoe (female chimpanzee), [>]

  water buffalo, [>]–[>]

  Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society of the UK, [>]

  Whale Dolphin Conservation Society, [>]

  whales

  beluga, [>]

  brains and, [>]

  caregiving behavior of, [>], [>]

  deception in, [>]

  intelligence of, [>]

  Jones and, [>]

  man-made passages and, [>]

  New York Times article on, [>]

  See also humpback whales; orcas; whaling

  whaling

  caregiving behavior of whales and, [>]

  in Japan, [>], [>]

  moratorium on, [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  New York Times article on, [>]

  Sagan on, [>]

  scientist-advocate role to stop, [>]

  in United States, [>]–[>], [>]

  "What Is It Like to Be a Bat?" (Nagel), [>]

  Whistled Languages (Busnel), [>]

  whistle languages, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]. See also distress calls

  White, Thomas, [>]

  Whitehead, Hal, [>], [>], [>]

  Whiten, Andrew, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Wildlife Conservation Society, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Wilma (water buffalo), [>]

  Wilson, E. O., [>]

  Wise, Steven, [>]

  Wittgenstein, Ludwig, [>], [>]

  Woman the Gatherer model, [>]–[>], [>] (n)

  Woodruff, Guy, [>]

  World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA), [>], [>]

  Zodiacs, [>], [>]

  Zoo Marin (France), [>]–[>]

  zoos, [>]–[>]

  Footnotes

  * Some years later, Stuart made the same "crazy" decision, and he is now a professor of neurobiology at Columbia University in New York.

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  * Plutarch, Greek moralist, recognized this selflessness in his treatise On the Intelligence of Animals, 66 C.E., saying, "To the dolphin alone, beyond all other, nature has granted what the best philosophers seek: friendship for no advantage."

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  * It was not just in such tales that civilized nations of the past manifested their connection with dolphins. In Greece, the courts of law were based in temples dedicated to the dolphin god. And in France, the title Dauphin (the dolphin) was bestowed on the heir to the French throne from the fourteenth to the eighteenth centuries.

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  * These days I tell my students when they begin their first observations, "Don't take anything. Don't take pencils and papers. I just want you to go out and I want you to sit there for a week. And I want you to just watch them. There's no pressure. Just watch and see what you're seeing. And then write up ideas that you have of what you've seen, what kind of behaviors you saw." I don't want to give them an ethogram; it would filter the information too much. I'm more interested in what they see for themselves.

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  * This was before the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, which prohibited the capture of wild dolphins for private individuals.

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  * When speaking of dolphins, people generally mean the bottlenose dolphin, because that is the species that's been the most popularized. In fact, there are more than thirty species of dolphin.

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  * Three decades later, animals' attunement to human music became a subject of serious scientific study.

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  * I tried to locate her later that year, but she had been moved to another aquarium in Europe, and no further information was available.

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  * This experimental design was inspired by Sue Savage Rumbaugh and Duane Rumbaugh, who used keyboards to communicate with chimpanzees. For video of dolphins using keyboards, see www.hmhbooks.com/dolphinmirror#keyboard.

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  * Video of Pan first imitating the ball whistle can be found at www.hmhbooks.com/dolphinmirror#whistle.

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  * For video of Stormy's bubble ring play and other dolphins producing bubble rings, see www.hmhbooks.com/dolphinmirror#bubble.

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  * For video of dolphin mirror play, see www.hmhbooks.com/dolphinmirror#mirror.

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  * For video of Presley spinning and watching, see www.hmhbooks.com/dolphinmirror#spinning.

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  * This latter probably reflected much more what our ancestors' hunter-and-gatherer life was like, as in the !Kung San, of Botswana, until not so long ago. Women provided most of the dietary sustenance, the nuts and tubers, whereas the men only occasionally brought home some meat.

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  * Princeton biologist Alison Jolly had published similar ideas a decade earlier, but they didn't have the impact on thinking among psycholo
gists and primatologists that Humphrey's paper did. See Alison Jolly, "Lemur Social Behavior and Primate Intelligence," Science 153 (1966): 501–6.

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  † This paper was written before the extent of dolphins' cognitive abilities was known.

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  * Alison Jolly had termed it the social use of intelligence.

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  * If you think this sounds complicated, it is. Think of your own social network. You have close friends; acquaintances whom you mingle with on occasion; friends of friends whom you may socialize with; parents of your children's schoolmates; professional affiliations that accomplish specific goals; reunions of organizations; and large familial gatherings. It takes a high level of cognition to keep track of and remember all one's social and familial affiliates.