The Dolphin in the Mirror Read online

  10. J. S. Lewis and W. W. Schroeder, "Mud Plume Feeding: A Unique Foraging Behavior of the Bottlenose Dolphin in the Florida Keys," Gulf of Mexico Science 1 (2003): 92–97.

  11. R. G. Busnel, "Symbiotic Relationship between Man and Dolphins," Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 35 (1973): 112–31.

  12. K. W. Pryor and J. Lindbergh, "A Dolphin-Human Fishing Cooperative in Brazil," Marine Mammal Science 6 (1990): 77–82.

  13. C. K. Tayler and G. S. Saayman, "Imitative Behavior by Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphins in Captivity," Behavior 44 (1973): 286–98.

  14. James Shreeve, "Machiavellian Monkeys," Discover (June 1991): 70; Stephen Jay Gould and Elizabeth S. Vrba, "Exaptation—A Missing Term in the Science of Form," Paleobiology 8 (1982): 4–15.

  5. THE FACE IN THE MIRROR

  1. Luke Rendell and Hal Whitehead, "Culture in Whales and Dolphins," Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 (2001): 309–24.

  2. Nathan W. Bailey and Marlene Zuk, "Same-Sex Sexual Behavior and Evolution," Trends in Ecology and Evolution 24 (2009): 439–46.

  3. Gordon G. Gallup Jr., "Chimpanzees: Self-Recognition," Science 167 (1970): 86–87.

  4. Charles Darwin, letter to S. E. Darwin, April 1, 1838.

  5. Gallup, "Chimpanzees," 86.

  6. Ibid., 87.

  7. Gordon Gallup Jr., "Self-Awareness and the Emergence of Mind in Primates," American Journal of Primatology 2 (1982): 237–48.

  8. Lori Marino, Diana Reiss, and Gordon Gallup Jr., "Mirror Self-Recognition in Bottlenose Dolphins: Implications for Comparative Investigations of Highly Dissimilar Species," in Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans, eds. S. T. Parker, R. Mitchell, and M. Boccia (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 380–91.

  9. Ken Marten and S. Psarakos, "Evidence of Self-Awareness in the Bottle-Nose Dolphin," in ibid., 361–79.

  6. THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS

  1. Diana Reiss and Lori Marino, "Mirror Self-Recognition in the Bottlenose Dolphin: A Case of Cognitive Convergence," PNAS 98 (2001): 5942.

  2. Ibid., 5937.

  3. Philip Yam, "The Flipper Effect," Scientific American 285 (July 2001): 29.

  7. COGNITIVE COUSINS

  1. Tayler and Saayman, "Imitative Behavior by Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphins in Captivity," Behavior 44 (1973): 290.

  2. Ibid., 291.

  3. Andrew Whiten, "Imitation and Cultural Transmission in Apes and Cetaceans," Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 (2001): 360.

  4. W. R. Ashby, An Introduction to Cybernetics (London: Chapman and Hall, 1956).

  5. Charles T. Snowdon, "Review of Wild Minds: What Animals Really Think, by Marc Hauser," Natural History (March 2000).

  6. Douglas Adams, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1979; repr., New York: Ballantine Books, 2009), 141.

  7. H. Jerison, "Animal Intelligence as Encephalization," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Biological Sciences 308 (1985): 21–35.

  8. Lori Marino, "A Comparison of Encephalization between Odontocete Cetaceans and Anthropoid Primates," Brain, Behavior, and Evolution 51 (1998): 230–38.

  9. Suzana Herculano-Houzel, "The Human Brain in Numbers: A Linearly Scaled-Up Primate Brain," Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 3 (2009): 31, doi:10.3389/neuro.09.031.2009.

  10. C. Butti et al., "Total Number and Volume of Von Economo Neurons in the Cerebral Cortex of Cetaceans," Journal of Comparative Neurology 515 (2009): 243–59.

  11. Kenneth Oakley, Man the Tool-Maker (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959).

  12. Irven DeVore and Richard Lee, eds., Man the Hunter (Chicago: Aldine Publishing, 1969).

  13. Nancy Tanner and Adrienne Zihlman, "Women in Evolution, Part I," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 1 (1976): 600.

  14. Nicholas K. Humphrey, "The Social Function of Intellect," in Growing Points in Ethology, eds. P. P. G. Bateson and R. A. Hinde, (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1976), 303.

  15. Ibid., 307.

  16. Ibid.

  17. Ibid., 309.

  18. Ibid., 311.

  19. Richard C. Connor, Jana J. Watson-Capps, William B. Sherwin, and Michael Krützen, "A New Level of Complexity in the Male Alliance Networks of Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops sp.)," Biology Letters (November 3, 2010): doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0852.

  20. Nicholas Humphrey, "Consciousness: A Just-So Story," New Scientist (August 1982): 475.

  21. David Premack and Guy Woodruff, "Do Chimpanzees Have a Theory of Mind?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1 (1978): 515–26.

  22. Louis Herman, "Exploring the Cognitive World of the Bottlenosed Dolphin," in The Cognitive Animal, eds. M. Bekoff et al., (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002), 275–83.

  23. Joshua M. Plotnik et al., "Self-Recognition in an Asian Elephant," PNAS 103 (2006): 17053–57.

  8. REFLECTIONS ON DOLPHIN MINDS

  1. M. C. Caldwell and D. K. Caldwell, "Epimeletic (Caregiving) Behavior in Cetacea," in Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises, ed. K. S. Norris, (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1966), 767.

  2. Ibid.

  3. Ibid., 773.

  4. Ibid., 772.

  5. "Dolphins Find Missing Sailor," Cruising World, March 1998, 10–11.

  6. Maddalena Bearzi and Craig B. Stanford, Beautiful Minds (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 25.

  7. Ibid., 26.

  8. Gordon Gallup, "Can Animals Empathize? Yes," Scientific American Presents (Winter 1998): 68.

  9. Frans de Waal, The Age of Empathy (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2009), 90.

  10. Daniel Povinelli, "Can Animals Empathize? Maybe Not," Scientific American Presents (Winter 1998): 67.

  11. Ibid., 75.

  12. Peter Fimrite, "Daring Rescue of Whale off Farallones," San Francisco Chronicle, December 14, 2005.

  9. INTO THE COVE

  1. Boyd Harnell, "‘Secret' Dolphin Slaughter Defies Protests," Japan Times, November 30, 2005.

  2. Ibid.

  3. Hiroko Tabuchi, "From Sea to Supermarket: Harrowing Look at Hunts," New York Times, October 23, 2009.

  10. ENDING THE LONG LONELINESS

  1. Loren Eiseley, "Magic," in Notes of an Alchemist (New York: Charles Scribner, 1972), 65–69.

  2. E. O. Wilson, Biophilia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984), 139.

  3. Loren Eiseley, "The Long Loneliness," in The Star Thrower (New York: Harcourt, 1978), 37–44.

  4. Ibid., 37.

  5. Roger Lewin, "I Buzz Therefore I Think," New Scientist 1908 (January 15, 1994): 30.

  6. Donald Griffin, "From Cognition to Consciousness," Animal Cognition 1 (1998): 5.

  Acknowledgments

  Writing this book has conjured up vivid memories of so many who have encouraged, helped, and supported me along the way.There are so many friends, colleagues and mentors to thank.

  As a graduate student, sticking my foot into the waters for the first time, John Lilly and Betty Brothers gave me rare opportunities and I thank them for their generosity. My thanks to my graduate advisor Dennis Smith, whose conversations on communication theory and symbolism were so inspiring. I am deeply grateful to my mentors and dear friends Professors Rene-Guy and Marie-Claire Busnel for their endless encouragement and friendship and for teaching me about bioacoustics and French life.

  Much of the work reported in this book would not have been possible without the amazing group of graduate, undergraduate students and volunteers who worked on Project Circe at Marine World. A special thanks to Brenda McCowan, Bill Baldwin, Laura Edenborough, Bruce Silverman, Denise Herzing, Cara Gubbins, Stacie Hooper, Spencer Lyn, and Jim Mullen and the marine mammal training staff. The lab would not have been possible without the support of Michael and Patty Demetrios, the Andersen Family Foundation, the Ampex Corporation, the Planetary Society, and Terry Kelly of the U S Geological Survey. I want to specifically acknowledge and thank the late Barney Oliver of the Hewlett Packard Corporation and the SETI program for his friendship and early support of Project C
irce.

  My lab at the Wildlife Conservation Society's New York Aquarium would not have been possible without the ongoing support and encouragement of many people. My sincerest thanks and admiration go to Paul Boyle (then director of the New York Aquarium) for his unwavering support of my research and his shared vision to save dolphins from the dolphin drives in Japan. My special thanks to Katie and Peter Dolan, Brian and Darlene Heidtke, and the City Council of New York, for their support of the research. I want to also thank Cynthia Reich, Richard Lattis and William Conway, for all of their help, support, and wise words over the years. A special thanks to Martha Hiatt and the rest of the marine mammal staff at the New York Aquarium for their assistance in the MSR study and who were part of the "larger team."

  I also want to thank the management and staff of the National Aquarium in Baltimore especially Brent Whitaker, Deputy Executive Director for Biological Programs, and Sue Hunter, Director of Animal Programs.

  I thank my many colleagues, collaborators, and graduate students over the years and today, who inspire me, challenge me and make doing research such an exciting adventure. In particular, I thank, Irene Pepperberg, Frans de Waal, Joshua Plotnik, Don Moore, Sue Hunter, Brent Whitaker, Hal Markowitz, Laurie Gage, and Peigin Barrett.

  My deepest thanks to my extraordinary editor, Bruce Nichols, who has been an absolute joy to work with and from whom I have learned much about making a book. I also want to thank others on the Houghton Mifflin Harcourt team including Christina Morgan and Michelle Bonanno. I want to especially thank and acknowledge Roger Lewin for his material assistance with the draft manuscript. I am especially thankful to my agent, John Brockman, for his guidance, steering and support.

  Above all I thank my inner circle: My parents Arthur and Jean, who told me that I could accomplish anything imaginable. My dolphin mentors, I thank each one of you for showing me so many very special things.My husband Stuart and my daughter Morgan, thank you for being there with me along the way.

  Index

  acoustic analysis, [>]

  Acoustic Behavior of Animals (Busnel, ed.), [>]

  Act for Dolphins, [>], [>]

  Adams, Douglas, [>]–[>]

  advocacy, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Africa, [>], [>]. See also Dogon people (of sub-Saharan Africa); South Africa

  African Grey parrots, [>]. See also Alex (African Grey parrot)

  Age of Empathy, The (de Waal), [>]

  Akeakamai (dolphin), [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Alaska, [>], [>]

  Alex (African Grey parrot), [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Alexander the Great, [>]

  Allman, Stuart, [>]

  Alpers, Antony, [>], [>]

  Altmann, Jeanne, [>]

  Amazing Randi (magician), [>]–[>]

  American Sign Language, [>], [>]

  Ampex Corporation, [>]

  Amphitrite (sea goddess), [>]

  Animal Acoustics Laboratory (France), [>]–[>]

  animal psychology, [>]

  animal research methods, [>]

  animal rights law, [>]–[>]

  animal thinking, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  animal welfare, [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  anthropocentrism, [>]

  anthropomorphism, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  apes, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  animal rights law and, [>]

  ape-language research, [>]–[>]

  brains of, [>], [>]

  deception in, [>]

  evolution and, [>]

  in Japan, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  theory of mind and, [>]–[>]

  See also baboons; bonobos; chimpanzees; gorillas

  Apollo (Greek deity), [>]–[>]

  Aquarama (aquarium in Philadelphia), [>]–[>], [>]

  aquariums, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]. See also names of individual aquariums

  Arion of Methymna (poet/musician), [>]–[>]

  Aristotle (Greek philosopher), [>], [>], [>]

  artificial codes, [>]

  Ashby, Ross, [>]

  Associated Press, [>]

  Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Australia, [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Australian Aborigines, [>]–[>]

  Avalon (dolphin), [>], [>]

  baboons, [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Baker, Jill, [>]

  Baldwin, Bill, [>]–[>]

  ball whistle, [>]–[>], [>] (n)

  Barrett, Peigin, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  barrier fishing, [>], [>]

  Bateson, Gregory, [>]–[>], [>]

  bats, [>]–[>], [>]

  Bayley (female dolphin), [>]

  Bearzi, Maddalena, [>]

  Beautiful Minds (Bearzi), [>]

  behaviorism, [>], [>]

  Bekoff, Marc, [>]

  beluga whales, [>]

  bighorn sheep, [>]

  bioacoustics, [>], [>]

  biological sonar. See echolocation (biosonar system)

  biophilia, [>]–[>], [>]

  bonobos, [>], [>]

  Bootlegger (boat), [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Boyle, Paul, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  brain, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  caregiving in animals and, [>]

  self-awareness/consciousness and, [>], [>]

  social intelligence and, [>]

  of whales, [>]

  Brazil, [>]

  breathing, [>]–[>]

  Bridges, Andrew, [>]

  Brisbee (dolphin), [>], [>]

  Bronx Zoo, [>], [>]

  Brothers, Betty, [>]–[>], [>]

  Brothers, Carl, [>]

  bubble caps, [>]–[>], [>]

  bubble-ring fishing, [>]

  bubble ring play, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Busnel, Marie-Claire, [>]

  Busnel, René-Guy, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Byrne, Richard, [>], [>], [>]

  Caldwell, D. K., [>]

  Caldwell, M. C., [>]

  California, [>], [>]

  California Marine Mammal Center (CMMC), [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  Caltech, [>]

  Cambridge University, [>]

  Canada, [>], [>]

  Caninius (poet), [>]

  Caribbean, [>], [>], [>]

  Carter, Gavin, [>], [>], [>]

  Center for SETI Research, [>]

  cerebral cortex, [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  chimpanzees, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  brains and, [>], [>]

  dolphin drive hunts and, [>]–[>]

  empathy in, [>]

  intelligence and, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  mirror self-recognition (MSR) and, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  self-awareness of, [>], [>]–[>]

  in zoos, [>]

  Chinelle (dolphin), [>]

  Christian church, [>]

  Chumash Indians, [>]

  Circe (bottlenose dolphin at Marine World Africa U.S.A.)

  bonding with, [>]–[>]

  bubble bursts of, [>]

  caregiving/empathy of, [>], [>]

  Delphi as son of, [>]

  keyboard studies with, [>], [>]–[>]

  on listening to vocalizations of, [>], [>]–[>]

  pregnancy/newborn of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  sold to aquarium in Portugal, [>]

  swimming with, [>]

  Circe (bottlenose dolphin in France), [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Circe (in Greek mythology), [>]

  Clark, Jim, [>], [>] (n)

  "Clever Hans Phenomenon: Communication with Horses, Whales, Apes, and People, The" (conference), [>]–[>]

  cognition

  Griffin as father of the study of animal, [>]

  Herman research in, [>], [>]

  Japan and ape, [>]

&nb
sp; Nagel on animal, [>]

  science of dolphin, [>]

  single-subject studies and field of animal, [>]

  social, [>], [>], [>]

  See also brain; self-awareness

  cognitive continuity, [>], [>], [>]

  cognitive convergence, [>]

  cognitive ethology, [>]

  Cognitive Evolution Center (University of Louisiana), [>]

  cognitive revolution, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  Columbia University, [>] (n)

  communications, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  with "alien" intelligence," [>]

  Lilly and dolphin, [>], [>]–[>]

  research (in France), [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  research (in Little Torch Key, Florida), [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  research on human-animal, [>